Smallpox Eradication

By Steph33
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Timeline

From the resolution nobody funded to the review that has not happened yet. Eighteen years passed between the decision to eradicate smallpox and the last person to catch it. Eight of those eighteen were spent going nowhere.

The Decision Nobody Funded, 1959 to 196601.01.1959
01.01.1959The World Health Assembly adopts WHA12.54 on smallpox eradication, on a proposal from the Soviet delegation [6] [3]
01.01.1959
For the next eight years, little progress. Few staff and few funds reach WHO for smallpox work [3]

Eight years is the interesting part of this page. The goal was agreed, the resolution passed, and the work did not happen, because WHO allocated limited funds and voluntary contributions from countries were sparse. [24] A decision without a budget behaved exactly like no decision.

The Programme That Worked, 1967 to 197701.01.1967 – 26.10.1977
01.01.1967The World Health Assembly endorses an intensified programme. D. A. Henderson is appointed to lead the Smallpox Eradication Unit [3]
01.01.1967
01.01.1967In eastern Nigeria, during a vaccine shortage in the Biafran civil war, Bill Foege vaccinates only contacts of known cases. The outbreaks stop [3]
01.01.1967
01.01.1971Foege, Millar and Lane publish the method as selective epidemiologic control [1]
01.01.1971
01.10.1975The last recorded infection with variola major, in Bangladesh [19]
01.10.1975
26.10.1977The last naturally acquired infection of any kind, in Merka, Somalia [19]
26.10.1977

Those first two entries share a year, and that is the point. The strategy that ended smallpox was being improvised in the field by a missionary doctor short of vaccine in the same year the programme built around a different strategy was being stood up. See the forks page.

The Tail, 1978 to 198001.01.1978 – 08.05.1980
01.01.1978A laboratory escape at Birmingham University Medical School infects two people. One dies. These are the last recorded human smallpox infections [13] [14]
01.01.1978
01.12.1979An independent scientific commission certifies that eradication has been achieved [2]
01.12.1979
08.05.1980The Thirty-third World Health Assembly declares smallpox eradicated [5]
08.05.1980

The last human infections were not caught from the disease circulating in the world. They came from a laboratory, ten months after the last natural case. [14] Any slate about a problem that ends with samples in freezers has to carry this kind of entry, because that is where the last cases come from.

What Happened To The Virus, 1996 to Now25.05.1996 – 01.01.2024
25.05.1996WHA49.10 calls for the remaining stocks of variola virus to be destroyed [11]
25.05.1996
01.01.1999The destruction date, set for June 1999, passes. WHA52.10 keeps the stocks [10] [6]
01.01.1999
01.01.2002WHA55.15 keeps them again [6]
01.01.2002
01.01.2007WHA60.1 asks for a major review in 2010 to settle the timing [8]
01.01.2007
01.01.2011Decision WHA64(11) reaffirms that the stocks should be destroyed, and sets no date [8]
01.01.2011
01.01.2014Six vials labelled variola, dating from the 1950s, are found in an unused storage room on the NIH campus [12]
01.01.2014
01.01.2018A related poxvirus is built from chemically synthesised DNA and published [15]
01.01.2018
14.08.2024WHO declares mpox a public health emergency of international concern for the second time in two years [20]
14.08.2024
01.01.2024The Seventy-seventh World Health Assembly endorses continued retention of the virus. The next review is planned for 2029 [9]
01.01.2024

Read the two halves of this page against each other. The disease took eighteen years to corner and has stayed gone for forty-eight. The question of what to do with the last samples of the virus was first answered in 1996 and has been reopened at least five times since. The hard problem turned out to be the easy one, and the easy one has not been closed in three decades.

The Same Story In Space

Where smallpox ended, and where it still is. Four of these five pins are places the virus was never supposed to be by the time it got there.

LOADING COORDINATES...

The route on that map is the argument of this whole slate in one line. It runs from the last person to catch smallpox naturally, to a laboratory that killed someone ten months later [13] [14], to a storage room nobody had opened in decades [12], and ends at the only two addresses where the virus is supposed to be today [8]. The disease stopped moving in 1977. The virus did not.